For basic theory I'd suggest you start here.
http://www.ibreathemusic.com/forums/...ad.php?t=11975
As to the notes being where they are. The following has to do with the 4 bottom strings as used in bass guitar, for the top two you will have to adjust for the B string. But I think it may give you something to work from. Here is what I tell bass newbies:
Our fretboard opened up for me when I was able to visualize, in my minds eye, the Major scale pattern repeating it's self everywhere you look on the fretboard. To pull it into perspective focus on the root note and all of the other notes of the scale are waiting
in their place. You just need to know the notes on the 3rd and 4th string (5th and 6th for 6 string guitar) so you can place your root pattern. Once the root is established then.......
The 2nd degree of the scale is on the same string as the root and up two frets.
The 3rd degree of the scale is up a string and back one fret.
The 4th degree of the scale is up a string.
The 5th degree of the scale is up a string and over two frets.
The 6th degree of the scale is up two strings and back one fret, right over the 3rd degree.
The 7th degree of the scale is up two strings and over one fret.
The 8th degree (octave) is up two strings and over two fret.
That is repeated all over your fretboard. I'm sure you have a fretboard chart, here is the major scale pattern.
As it relates to the bottom 4 strings ......[quote]
Root on the 4th string.
G|---2---|-------|---3---|---4---| 1st string
D|---6---|-------|---7---|---8---|
A|---3---|---4---|-------|---5---|
E|-------|---1---|-------|---2---|4th string
Root on the 3rd string
G|---6---|-------|---7---|---8---| 1st string
D|---3---|---4---|-------|---5---|
A|-------|---1---|-------|---2---|
E|-------|---5---|-------|---6---|4th string [/guote]
If you place the root on the 3rd string where is the 1-4-5? Is that convenient or what!
I said earlier you have to know the notes on the 3rd and 4th string so you can place your root note -- well how many scale/key do you use? If you know where the seven natural notes are that pretty well gets it.
Other ways I've seen is to learn where the C is located everywhere on the fretboard, then the D, then the E, etc. That did not work for me.
Good luck.